The population science project is led by Brahmajee Nallamothu, MD, MPH, a professor of cardiovascular medicine at Michigan Medicine, working with the University of Michigan Medical School Department of Learning Health Sciences, the U-M Clinical Simulation Center and the Washtenaw-Livingston County Learning Health System, and their stakeholders, to identify barriers and facilitators to shortening time to treatment during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The groups are first use a learning health system approach to optimize time to CPR and defibrillation and then will use this infrastructure, along with simulation-based training and assessment, to inform implementation strategies for early intranasal and intramuscular therapies.